Moving Forward from Project Failure: Negative Emotions, Affective Commitment, and Learning from the Experience

REFERENCES

• Ahuja G. 2000. Collaboration networks, structural holes, and innovation: A longitudinal study. Administrative Science Quarterly, 45: 425–455. Google Scholar
• Allen N. J. , Meyer J. P. 1990. The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63: 1–18. Google Scholar
• Anderson J. C. , Gerbing D. W. 1991. Predicting the performance of measures in a confirmatory factor analysis with a pretest assessment of their substantive validities. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76: 732–740. Google Scholar
• Archer J. 1999. The nature of grief: The evolution and psychology of reactions to loss. New York: Routledge. Google Scholar
• Armstrong J. S. , Overton T. S. 1977. Estimating nonresponse bias in mail surveys. Journal of Marketing Research, 14: 396–402. Google Scholar
• Ashforth B. E. , Kreiner G. E. 1999. “How can you do it?”: Dirty work and the challenge of constructing a positive identity. Academy of Management Review, 24: 413–434.Link , Google Scholar
• Ashforth B. E. , Kreiner G. E. 2002. Normalizing emotion in organizations: Making the extraordinary seem ordinary. Human Resource Management Review, 12: 215–235. Google Scholar
• Ashforth B. E. , Kreiner G. E. , Clark M. A. , Fugate M. 2007. Normalizing dirty work: Managerial tactics for countering occupational taint. Academy of Management Journal, 50: 149–174. Google Scholar
• Bagozzi R. P.1984. Expectancy-value attitude models: An analysis of critical measurement issues. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 1: 295–310. Google Scholar
• Bagozzi R. P. , Heatherton T. F. 1994. A general approach to representing multifacted personality constructs: Application to state self-esteem. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 1(1): 35–67. Google Scholar
• Bagozzi R. P. , Yi Y. , Phillips L. W. 1991. Assessing construct validity in organizational research. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36: 421–458. Google Scholar
• Balogun J. , Johnson G. 2004. Organizational restructuring and middle manager sensemaking. Academy of Management Journal, 47: 523–549.Link , Google Scholar
• Baron R. A. 1999. Counterfactual thinking and venture formation: The potential effects of thinking about “what might have been”. Journal of Business Venturing, 15: 79–91. Google Scholar
• Baron R. A. 2000. Psychological perspectives on entrepreneurship: Cognitive and social factors in entrepreneurs' success. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9(1): 15–18. Google Scholar
• Baron R. A. 2004. The cognitive perspective: A valuable tool for answering entrepreneurship's basic “why” questions. Journal of Business Venturing, 19: 221–239. Google Scholar
• Baron R. A. 2008. The role of affect in the entrepreneurial process. Academy of Management Review, 33: 328–340.Link , Google Scholar
• Belschak F. D. , Hartog D. N. D. 2009. Consequences of positive and negative feedback: The impact on emotions and extra-role behaviors. Applied Psychology, 58: 274–303. Google Scholar
• Bentler K. A. 1986. Sample size and Bentler and Bonett's nonnormed fit index. Psychometrika, 51: 375–377. Google Scholar
• Bentler P. M. 1990. Fit indexes, lagrange multipliers, constraint changes and incomplete data in structural models. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25: 163–172. Google Scholar
• Bentler P. M. , Bonett D. G. 1980. Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88: 588–606. Google Scholar
• Bettis R. A. , Prahalad C. K. 1995. The dominant logic: Retrospective and extension. Strategic Management Journal, 16: 5–14. Google Scholar
• Bonanno G. A. 1994. The consequences of emotional avoidance and emotional inhibition during conjugal bereavement. Paper presented at the Fourth International Conference on Grief and Bereavement in Contemporary Society, Stockholm. Google Scholar
• Brislin R. W. 1970. Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1: 185–216. Google Scholar
• Brislin R. W. 1980. Translation and content analysis of oral and written materials. In Triandis H. C.Berry J. W. (Eds.), Handbook of cross-culturual psychology, vol. 2: 389–444. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Google Scholar
• Burgelman R. A. , Valikangas L. 2005. Managing internal corporate venture cycles. MIT Sloan Management Review, 46(4): 26–34. Google Scholar
• Cannon M. D. , Edmondson A. C. 2001. Confronting failure: Antecedents and consequences of shared beliefs about failure in organizational work groups. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22: 161–177. Google Scholar
• Cannon M. D. , Edmondson A. C. 2005. Failing to learn and learning to fail (intelligently): How great organizations put failure to work to innovate and improve. Long Range Planning, 38: 299–319. Google Scholar
• Cardinal L. B. 2001. Technological innovation in the pharmaceutical industry: The use of organizational control in managing research and development. Organization Science, 12: 19–36. Google Scholar
• Cardon M. S. , Zietsma C. , Saparito P. , Matherne B. P. , Davis C. 2005. A tale of passion: New insights into entrepreneurship from a parenthood metaphor. Jounral of Business Venturing, 20: 23–45. Google Scholar
• Carver C. S. , Scheier M. F. , Weintraub J. K. 1989. Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56: 267–283. Google Scholar
• Christen M. , Iyer G. , Soberman D. 2006. Job satisfaction, job performance, and effort: A reexamination using agency theory. Journal of Marketing, 70: 137–150. Google Scholar
• Chuang Y. T. , Baum J. A. C. 2003. It's all in the name: Failure-induced learning by multiunit chains. Administrative Science Quarterly, 48: 33–59. Google Scholar
• Clore G. L. 1992. Cognitive phenomenology: Feelings and the construction of judgement. In Martin L. L.Tesser A. (Eds.), The construction of social judgements: 133–164. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Google Scholar
• Cohen J. , Cohen P. 1983. Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Google Scholar
• Cohen J. , Cohen P. , Stephen G. W. , Leona S. A. 2003. Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Google Scholar
• Cope J. , Watts G. 2000. Learning by doing—An exploration of experience, critical incidents and reflection in entrepreneurial learning. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 6: 104–124. Google Scholar
• Corbett A. C. , Neck H. M. , DeTienne D. R. 2007. How corporate entrepreneurs learn from fledgling innovation initiatives: Cognition and the development of a termination script. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 31: 829–852. Google Scholar
• Craig C. S. , Douglas S. P. 2006. Beyond national culture: Implications of cultural dynamics for consumer research. International Marketing Review, 23: 322–342. Google Scholar
• Cronbach L. J. 1951. Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16: 297–334. Google Scholar
• Cropanzano R. , James K. , Konovsky M. A. 1993. Dispositional affectivity as a predictor of work attitudes and job performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14: 595–606. Google Scholar
• Daft R. L. , Weick K. E. 1984. Toward a model of organizations as interpretation systems. Academy of Management Review, 9: 284–295.Link , Google Scholar
• Datta D. K. , Guthrie J. P. , Wright P. M. 2005. Human resource management and labor productivity: Does industry matter? Academy of Management Journal, 48: 135–145.Link , Google Scholar
• Deeds D. L. , DeCarolis D. , Coombs J. 2000. Dynamic capabilities and new product development in high technology ventures: An empirical analysis of new biotechnology firms. Journal of Business Venturing, 15: 211–229. Google Scholar
• Derryberry D. , Tucker D. M. 1994. Motivating the focus of attention. In Neidenthal P. M.Kitayama S. (Eds.), The heart's eye: Emotional influences in perception and attention: 167–196. San Diego: Academic Press. Google Scholar
• Dillon P. 1998. Failure is just part of the culture of innovation: Accept it and become stronger. Fast Company, December 18: 1–2. http://www.fastcompany.com/online/20/yu.html. Google Scholar
• DiMasi J. A. , Hansen R. W. , Grabowski H. G. 2003. The price of innovation: New estimates of drug development costs. Journal of Health Economics, 22: 151–185. Google Scholar
• Dweck C. S. , Leggett E. L. 1988. A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review, 95: 256–273. Google Scholar
• Edmondson A. C. 1996. Learning from mistakes is easier said than done: Group and organizational influences on the detection and correction of human error. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 32: 5–28. Google Scholar
• Eisenhardt K. M. , Martin J. A. 2000. Dynamic capabilities: What are they? Strategic Management Journal, 21: 1105–1121. Google Scholar
• Elliot A. J. , McGregor H. A.. 2001. A 2 x 2 achievement goal framework. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80: 501–519. Google Scholar
• Ellis S. H. , Chase W. G. 1971. Parallel processing in item recognition. Perception and Psychophysics, 10: 379–384. Google Scholar
• Ellis S. , Davidi I. 2005. After-event reviews: Drawing lessons from successful and failed experience. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90: 857–871. Google Scholar
• Epley N. , Gilovich T. 2006. The anchoring-and-adjustment heuristic. Psychology Science, 17: 311–318. Google Scholar
• Farson R. , Keyes R. 2002. The failure-tolerant leader. Harvard Business Review, 80(August): 64–71. Google Scholar
• Fineman S. 1996. Emotional subtexts in corporate greening. Organization Studies, 17: 479–500. Google Scholar
• Fiol C. M. , Lyles M. A. 1985. Organizational learning. Academy of Management Review, 10: 803–813.Link , Google Scholar
• Foo M.-D. , Uy M. A. , Baron R. A. 2009. How do feelings influence effort? An empirical study of entrepreneurs' affect and venture effort. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94: 1086–1094. Google Scholar
• Fornell C. , Larcker D. F. 1981. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18: 39–50. Google Scholar
• Frank M. G. , Ekman P. 1993. Not all smiles are created equal: The difference between enjoyment and nonenjoyment smiles. Humor—International Journal of Humor Research, 6(1): 9–26. Google Scholar
• Frank M. G. , Gilovich T. 1989. Effect of memory perspective on retrospective causal attributions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57: 399–403. Google Scholar
• Fredrickson B. L. 2001. The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56: 218–226. Google Scholar
• Ganster D. C. 2005. Executive job demands: Suggestions from a stress and decision-making perspective. Academy of Management Review, 30: 492–502.Link , Google Scholar
• Gassmann O. , Reepmeyer G. 2005. Organizing pharmaceutical innovation: From science-based knowledge creators to drug-oriented knowledge brokers. Creativity and Innovation Management, 14: 233–245. Google Scholar
• Gilovich T. , Medvec V. H. 1995. The experience of regret: What, when, and why. Psychological Review, 102: 379–395. Google Scholar
• Gioia D. A. , Chittipeddi K. 1991. Sensemaking and sensegiving in strategic change initiation. Strategic Management Journal, 12: 433–448. Google Scholar
• Gong Y. , Law K. S. , Chang S. , Xin K. R. 2009. Human resources management and firm performance: The differential role of managerial affective and continuance commitment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94: 263–275. Google Scholar
• Goss D. 2005. Schumpeter's legacy? Interaction and emotions in the sociology of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 29: 205–218. Google Scholar
• Grant R. M. 1996. Prospering in dynamically-competitive environments: Organizational capability as knowledge integration. Organization Science, 7: 375–387. Google Scholar
• Gross J. J. 1998. Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74: 224–237. Google Scholar
• Groves K. S. , McEnrue M. P. , Shen W. 2008. Developing and measuring the emotional intelligence of leaders. Journal of Management Development, 27: 225–250. Google Scholar
• Gusterson H. 1996. Nuclear rites: A weapons laboratory at the end of the Cold War. Los Angeles: University of California Press. Google Scholar
• Guthrie J. P. 2001. High-involvement work practices, turnover, and productivity: Evidence from New Zealand. Academy of Management Journal, 44: 180–190.Link , Google Scholar
• Hankin B. L. , Abramson L. Y. 2001. Development of gender differences in depression: An elaborated cognitive vulnerability-transactional stress theory. Psychological Bulletin, 127: 773–796. Google Scholar
• Hansen M. T. 1999. The search-transfer problem: The role of weak ties in sharing knowledge across organization subunits. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44: 82–111. Google Scholar
• Hinkin T. R. 1998. A brief tutorial on the development of measures for use in survey questionnaires. Organizational Research Methods, 1: 104–121. Google Scholar
• Hirshleifer J. 1993. The affections and the passions: Their economic logic. Rationality and Society, 5(2): 185–202. Google Scholar
• Hoang H. , Rothaermel F. T. 2005. The effect of general and partner-specific alliance experience on joint R&D project performance. Academy of Management Journal, 48: 332–345.Link , Google Scholar
• Hogan N. S. , Greenfield D. B. , Schmidt L. A. 2001. Development and validation of the Hogan Grief Reaction Checklist. Death Studies, 25(1): 1–32. Google Scholar
• Holahan C. J. , Moos R. H. 1987. Personal and contextual determinants of coping strategies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52: 946–955. Google Scholar
• Hu L. , Bentler P. M. 1999. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6: 1–55. Google Scholar
• Huber G. P. 1991. Organizational learning: The contributing processes and the literatures. Organization Science, 2: 88–115. Google Scholar
• Hunter A. B. , Laursen S. L. , Seymour E. 2007. Becoming a scientist: The role of undergraduate research in students' cognitive, personal, and professional development. Science Education, 91(1): 36–74. Google Scholar
• Huy Q. N. 1999. Emotional capability, emotional intelligence, and radical change. Academy of Management Review, 24: 325–345.Link , Google Scholar
• Iacovoc C. L. , Dexter A. S. 2005. Surviving IT project cancellations. Communications of the ACM, 48(4): 83–86. Google Scholar
• Ilies R. , Judge T. A. 2005. Goal regulation across time: The effects of feedback and affect. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90: 453–467. Google Scholar
• Jain S. , George G. , Maltarich M. 2009. Academics or entrepreneurs? Investigating role identity modification of university scientists involved in commercialization activity. Research Policy, 38: 922–935. Google Scholar
• Johnson M. K. , Sherman S. J. 1990. Constructing and reconstructing the past and the future in the present. In Higgins E. T.Sorrentino R. M. (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior: 482–526. New York: Guilford. Google Scholar
• Jöreskog K. G. , Sörbom D. 1984. LISREL VI: Analysis of linear structural relationships by the method of maximum likelihood. Chicago: National Educational Resources, Inc. Google Scholar
• Jöreskog K. G. , Sörbom D. 2006. LISREL 8.80. Chicago: Scientific Software International. Google Scholar
• Kahneman D. , Slovic P. , Tversky A. 1982. Judgement under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. New York: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
• Kanter R. M. 1968. Commitment and social organization: A study of commitment mechanisms in utopian communities. American Sociological Review, 33: 499–517. Google Scholar
• Keil M. , Robey D. 1999. Turning around troubled software projects: An exploratory study of the deescalation of commitment to failing courses of action. Journal of Management Information Systems, 15: 63–87. Google Scholar
• Kim D. H. 1993. The link between individual learning and organizational learning. Sloan Management Review, 35(1): 379–500. Google Scholar
• Kim J. Y. , Miner A. S. 2007. Vicarious learning from the failures and near-failures of others: Evidence from the U.S. commercial banking industry. Academy of Management Journal, 50: 687–714.Link , Google Scholar
• Kishton J. M. , Widaman K. F. 1994. Unidimensional versus domain representative parceling of questionnaire items: An empirical example. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 54: 757–765. Google Scholar
• Krishnan R. , Martin X. , Noorderhaven N. G. 2006. When does trust matter to alliance performance? Academy of Management Journal, 49: 894–917.Link , Google Scholar
• Kuhn T. S. 1996. The structure of scientific revolutions (3rd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar
• Landman J. , Vandewater A. A. , Stewart A. J. , Malley J. E. 1995. Missed opportunities: Psychological ramifications of counterfactual thought in midlife women. Journal of Adult Development, 2: 87–97. Google Scholar
• Lankau M. J. , Scandura T. A. 2002. An investigation of personal learning in mentoring relationships: Content, antecedents, and consequences. Academy of Management Journal, 45: 779–790.Link , Google Scholar
• Lau R. R. 1984. Dynamics of the attribution process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46: 1017–1028. Google Scholar
• Lee F. , Robinson R. J. 2000. An attributional analysis of social accounts: Implications of playing the blame game. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30: 1853–1879. Google Scholar
• Leonard-Barton D. 1995. Wellsprings of knowledge. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Google Scholar
• Libby L. K. , Eibach R. P. 2002. Looking back in time: Self-concept change affects visual perspective in autobiographical memory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82: 167–179. Google Scholar
• Little T. D. , Cunningham W. A. , Shahar G. , Widaman K. F. 2002. To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling, 9: 151–173. Google Scholar
• Luscher L. S. , Lewis M. W. 2008. Organizational change and managerial sensemaking: Working through paradox. Academy of Management Journal, 51: 221–240.Link , Google Scholar
• Lyubomirsky S. , Nolen-Hoeksema S. 1995. Effects of self-focused rumination on negative thinking and interpersonal problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69: 176–190. Google Scholar
• Mackie D. M. , Devos T. , Smith E. R. 2000. Intergroup emotions: Explaining offensive action tendencies in an intergroup context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79: 602–616. Google Scholar
• Madsen P. M. , Desai V. 2010. Failing to learn? The effect of failure and success on organizational learning in the global orbital launch vehicle industry. Academy of Management Journal, 53: 451–476.Abstract , Google Scholar
• Maitlis S. 2005. The social processes of organizational sensemaking. Academy of Management Journal, 48: 21–49.Link , Google Scholar
• Manusov V. , Spitzberg B. H. 2008. Attribution theory: Finding good cause in the search for theory. In Baxter L. A.Braithwaite D. O. (Eds.), Engaging theories in interpersonal communication: Multiple perspectives: 37–50. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Google Scholar
• Markman G. D. , Balkin D. B. , Baron R. A. 2002. Inventors and new venture formation: The effects of general self-efficacy and regretful thinking. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 27: 149–165. Google Scholar
• Martin B. R. , Irvine J. 1983. Assessing basic research: Some partial indicators of scientific progress in radio astronomy. Research Policy, 12: 61–90. Google Scholar
• McFadyen M. A. , Cannella A. A.. 2004. Social capital and knowledge creation: Diminishing returns of the number and strength of exchange. Academy of Management Journal, 47: 735–746.Abstract , Google Scholar
• McGrath R. G. 1999. Falling forward: Real options reasoning and entrepreneurial failure. Academy of Management Review, 24: 13–30.Link , Google Scholar
• McGrath R. G. 2001. Exploratory learning, innovative capacity and managerial oversight. Academy of Management Journal, 44: 118–131.Link , Google Scholar
• McGrath R. G. , Keil T. , Tukiainen T. 2006. Extracting value from corporate venturing. MIT Sloan Management Review, 48(1): 50–56. Google Scholar
• McMullen M. N. , Markman K. D. , Gavanski I. 1995. Living in neither the best nor the worst of all possible worlds: Antecedents and consequences of upward and downward counterfactual thinking. In Roses N. J.Olsen J. M. (Eds.), What might have been: The social psychology of counterfactual thinking: 133–167. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Google Scholar
• Menaghan E. 1982. Measuring Coping Effectiveness: A panel analysis of marital problems and coping efforts. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 23: 220–234. Google Scholar
• Miller D. A. , Cronin T. , Garcis A. L. , Branscombe N. R. 2009. The relative impact of anger and efficacy on collective action is affected by feelings of fear. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 12: 445. Google Scholar
• Minniti M. , Bygrave W. 2001. A dynamic model of entrepreneurial learning. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 25: 5–17. Google Scholar
• Moss S. E. , Sanchez J. I. 2004. Are your employees avoiding you? Managerial strategies for closing the feedback gap. Academy of Management Executive, 18(1): 32–44.Abstract , Google Scholar
• Moss S. E. , Valenzi E. R. , Taggart W. 2003. Are you hiding from your boss? The development of a taxonomy and instrument to assess the feedback management behaviors of good and bad performers. Journal of Management, 29: 487–510. Google Scholar
• Mowday R. T. , Steers R. M. , Porter L. W. 1979. The measurement of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14: 224–247. Google Scholar
• Mroczek D. K. , Kolarz C. M. 1998. The effect of age on positive and negative affect: A developmental perspective on happiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75: 1333–1349. Google Scholar
• Murray C. , Cox C. B. 1989. Apollo: The race to the moon. New York: Simon & Schuster. Google Scholar
• Nelson R. R. 1959. The simple economics of basic scientific research. Journal of Political Economy, 67: 297–306. Google Scholar
• Nelson R. R. , Winter S. G. 1982. An evolutionary theory of economic change. Cambridge, MA: Belknap. Google Scholar
• Netemeyer R. G. , Bearden W. O. , Sharma S. 2003. Scaling procedures. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Google Scholar
• Nigro G. , Neisser U. 1983. Point of view in personal memories. Cognitive Psychology, 15: 467–482. Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema S. 1991. Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100: 569–582. Google Scholar
• Olsen J. M. , Roese N. J. , Zanna M. P. 1996. Expectancies. In Higgins E. T.Kruglanski A. W. (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles: 211–238. New York: Gilford. Google Scholar
• O'Reilly C. A. , Chatman J. 1986. Organizational commitment and psychological attachment: The effects of compliance, identification, and internalization on prosocial behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71: 492–499. Google Scholar
• Palmer S. E. 1978. Fundamental aspects of cognitive representation. In Rosch E.Lloyds B. B. (Eds.), Cognition and categorization: 259–303. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Google Scholar
• Paulhus D. L. 1984. Two-component models of socially desirable responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46: 598–609. Google Scholar
• Petrovski H. 1985. To engineer is human, the role of failure in successful design. New York: St. Martin's Press. Google Scholar
• Podsakoff P. M. , Organ D. W. 1986. Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects. Journal of Management, 12: 531–544. Google Scholar
• Popper K. R. 1959. The logic of scientific discovery. New York: Hutchinson. Google Scholar
• Prahalad C. K. , Oosterveld J. P. 1999. Transforming internal governance: The challenge for multinationals. Sloan Management Review, 40: 31–39. Google Scholar
• Prigerson H. G. , Bierhals A. J. , Kasl S. V. , Reynolds C. F. , Shear M. K. , Day N. , Beery L. C. , Newsom J. T. , Jacobs S. 1997. Traumatic grief as a risk factor for mental and physical morbidity. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154: 616–623. Google Scholar
• Pronin E. , Ross L. 2006. Temporal differences in trait self-ascription: When the self is seen as an other. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90: 197–209. Google Scholar
• Reich W. 1949. Character analysis. New York: Oregon Institute. Google Scholar
• Repetti R. L. 1992. Social withdrawal as a short-term coping response to daily stressors. In Friedman H. S. (Ed.), Hostility, coping, and health: 151–165. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Google Scholar
• Richins M. L. , Dawson S. 1992. A consumer values orientation for materialism and its measurement: Scale development and validation. Journal of Consumer Research, 19: 303–316. Google Scholar
• Roese N. J. 1997. Counterfactual thinking. Psychological Bulletin, 121: 133–148. Google Scholar
• Rudolph J. W. , Morrison J. B. , Carroll J. S. 2009. The dynamics of action-oriented problem solving: Linking interpretation and choice. Academy of Management Review, 34: 733–756.Link , Google Scholar
• Ryan R. M. , Deci E. L. 2000. Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55: 68–78. Google Scholar
• Rynes S. L. , Bartunek J. M. , Daft R. L. 2001. Across the great divide: Knowledge creation and transfer between practitioners and academics. Academy of Management Journal, 44: 340–355.Link , Google Scholar
• Salovey P. , Mayer J. D. 1990. Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9(3): 185–211. Google Scholar
• Schwandt D. R. 2005. When managers become philosophers: Integrating learning with sensemaking. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 4: 176–192.Abstract , Google Scholar
• Schwarz N. , Clore G. L. 1988. How do I feel about it?. The informative function of affective states. In Fiedler K.Forgas J. P. (Eds.), Affect, cognition, and social behavior: 44–62. Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe. Google Scholar
• Sedikides C. 1993. Assessment, enhancement, and verification determinants of the self-evaluation process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65: 317–338. Google Scholar
• Shepherd D. A. 2003. Learning from business failure: Propositions of grief recovery for the self-employed. Academy of Management Review, 28: 318–328.Link , Google Scholar
• Shepherd D. A. 2004. Educating entrepreneurship students about emotion and learning from failure. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 3: 274–288.Abstract , Google Scholar
• Shepherd D. A. , Cardon M. S. 2009. Negative emotional reactions to project failure and the self-compassion to learn from the experience. Journal of Management Studies, 46: 923–949. Google Scholar
• Shepherd D. A. , Covin J. G. , Kuratko D. F. 2009. Project failure from corporate entrepreneurship: Managing the grief process. Journal of Business Venturing, 24: 588–600. Google Scholar
• Sinclair R. R. , Tucker J. S. , Cullen J. C. , Wright C. 2005. Performance differences among four organizational commitment profiles. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90: 1280–1287. Google Scholar
• Sitkin S. B. 1992. Learning through failure: The strategy of small losses. In Staw B. M.Cummings L. L. (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior, vol. 14: 231–266. Greenwich, CT: JAI. Google Scholar
• Smircich L. , Morgan G. 1982. Leadership: The management of meaning. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 18: 257–273. Google Scholar
• Spector P. E. 1987. Method variance as an artifact in self-reported affect and perceptions at work: Myth or significant problem? Journal of Applied Psychology, 72: 438–443. Google Scholar
• Spector P. E. 2006. Method variance in organizational research: Truth or urban legend? Organizational Research Methods, 9: 221–232. Google Scholar
• Sminia H. 2003. The failure of the Sport7 TV-channel: Controversies in a business network. Journal of Management Studies, 40: 1621–1649. Google Scholar
• Spreitzer G. , Sutcliffe K. , Dutton J. , Sonenshein S. , Grant A. M. 2005. A socially embedded model of thriving at work. Organization Science, 16: 537–549. Google Scholar
• Starkey K. 1998. What can we learn from the learning organization? Human Relations, 51: 531–546. Google Scholar
• Staw B. M. , Sandelands L. E. , Dutton J. E. 1981. Threat rigidity effects in organizational behavior: A multilevel analysis. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26: 501–524. Google Scholar
• Stroebe M. S. , Schut H. 1999. The dual process model of coping with bereavement: Rationale and description. Death Studies, 23: 197–224 Google Scholar
• Stroebe M. S. , Schut H. 2001. Models of coping with bereavement: A review. In Stroebe M. S.Hansson R. O.Stroebe W.Schut H. (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research: Consequences, coping, and care: 375–403. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Google Scholar
• Thomas J. B. , Clark S. M. , Gioia D. A. 1993. Strategic sensemaking and organizational performance: Linkages among scanning, interpretation, action, and outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 36: 239–270Link , Google Scholar
• Uy M. A. , Foo M. D. , Aguinis H. 2010. Using experience sampling methodology to advance entrepreneurship theory and research. Organizational Research Methods, 13(1): 31–54. Google Scholar
• Vandenberghe C. , Bentein K. , Stinglhamber F. 2004. Affective commitment to the organization, supervisor, and work group: Antecedents and outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 64: 47–71. Google Scholar
• Wagner J. A. , Gooding R. Z. 1997. Equivocal information and attribution: An investigation of patterns of managerial sensemaking. Strategic Management Journal, 18: 275–286. Google Scholar
• Walsh J. P. , Ungson G. R. 1991. Organizational memory. Academy of Management Review, 16: 239–270. Google Scholar
• Weick K. 1979. The social psychology of organizing. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Google Scholar
• Weick K. E. 1990. The vulnerable system: An analysis of the Tenerife air disaster. Journal of Management, 16: 571–593. Google Scholar
• Weick K. E. , Sutcliffe K. M. 2001. Managing the unexpected: Assuring high performance in an age of complexity. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Google Scholar
• Weick K. E. , Sutcliffe K. M. 2007. Managing the unexpected: Resilient performance in an age of uncertainty. (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Google Scholar
• Weick K. E. , Sutcliffe K. M. , Obstfeld D. 2005. Organizing and the process of sensemaking. Organization Science, 16: 409–421. Google Scholar
• Wolpert L. , Richards A. 1997. Passionate minds: The inner world of scientists. Oxford, U.K: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
• Yli-Renko H. , Autio E. , Sapienza H. J. 2001. Social capital, knowledge acquisition, and knowledge exploitation in young technology-based firms. Strategic Management Journal, 22: 587–613. Google Scholar