Rocking the Boat but Keeping It Steady: The Role of Emotion Regulation in Employee Voice

REFERENCES

• Aiken L. S. , West S. G. 1991. Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Google Scholar
• Anderson C. , Kilduff G. J. 2009. Why do dominant personalities attain influence in face-to-face groups? The competence-signaling effects of trait dominance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96: 491–503. Google Scholar
• Anderson S. E. , Williams L. J. 1996. Interpersonal, job, and individual factors related to helping processes at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81: 282–296. Google Scholar
• Ang S. , Cummings L. L. , Straub D. W. , Earley P. C. 1993. The effects of information technology and the perceived mood of the feedback giver on feedback seeking. Information Systems Research, 4: 240–261. Google Scholar
• Ashford S. J. , Black J. S. 1996. Proactivity during organizational entry: Antecedents, tactics, and outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81: 199–214. Google Scholar
• Ashford S. J. , Rothbard N. P. , Piderit S. K. , Dutton J. E. 1998. Out on a limb: The role of context and impression management in selling gender-equity issues. Administrative Science Quarterly, 43: 23–57. Google Scholar
• Austin E. J. , Dore T. C. P. , O'Donovan K. M. 2008. Associations of personality and emotional intelligence with display rule perceptions and emotional labour. Personality and Individual Differences, 44: 679–688. Google Scholar
• Bandura A. 1977. Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84: 191–215. Google Scholar
• Beal D. J. , Trougakos J. P. , Weiss H. M. , Green S. G. 2006. Episodic processes in emotional labor: Perceptions of affective delivery and regulation strategies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91: 1053–1065. Google Scholar
• Bentler P. M. 1995. EQS structural equations program manual. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software. Google Scholar
• Blatt R. , Christianson M. K. , Sutcliffe K. M. , Rosenthal M. M. 2006. A sensemaking lens on reliability. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27: 897–917. Google Scholar
• Bono J. E. , Vey M. A. 2007. Personality and emotional performance: Extraversion, neuroticism, and self-monitoring. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12: 177–192. Google Scholar
• Brackett M. A. , Mayer J. D. 2003. Convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity of competing measures of emotional intelligence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29: 1147–1158. Google Scholar
• Brotheridge C. M. , Lee R. T. 2003. Development and validation of the Emotional Labour Scale. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 76: 365–379. Google Scholar
• Burke M. J. , Dunlap W. P. 2002. Estimating interrater agreement with the average deviation index: A user's guide. Organizational Research Methods, 5: 159–172. Google Scholar
• Burris E. R. , Detert J. R. , Chiaburu D. S. 2008. Quitting before leaving: The mediating effects of psychological attachment and detachment on voice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93: 912–922. Google Scholar
• Burris E. R. 2012. The risks and rewards of speaking up: Managerial responses to employee voice. Academy of Management Journal, 55: 851–875.Link , Google Scholar
• Carver C. S. 2001. Affect and the functional bases of behavior: On the dimensional structure of affective experience. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5: 345–356. Google Scholar
• Chan D. 2006. Interactive effects of situational judgment effectiveness and proactive personality on work perceptions and work outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91: 475–481. Google Scholar
• Cheung F. Y. , Tang C. S. 2009. The influence of emotional intelligence and affectivity on emotional labor strategies at work. Journal of Individual Differences, 30: 75–86. Google Scholar
• Chi N.-W. , Grandey A. A. , Diamond J. A. , Krimmel K. R. 2011. Want a tip? Service performance as a function of emotion regulation and extraversion. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96: 1337–1346. Google Scholar
• Chiaburu D. S. , Marinova S. V. , Van Dyne L. 2008. Should I do it or not? An initial model of cognitive processes predicting voice behaviors. In Kane L. T.Poweller M. R. (Eds.), Citizenship in the 21st century: 127–153. New York: Nova Science. Google Scholar
• Cohen J. , Cohen P. 1983. Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Google Scholar
• Cohen J. , Cohen P. , West S. G. , Aiken L. S. 2003. Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Google Scholar
• Cook T. D. , Campbell D. T. 1979. Quasi-experimentation: Design and analysis issues for field settings. Chicago: Rand McNally. Google Scholar
• Côté S. 2005. A social interaction model of the effects of emotion regulation on work strain. Academy of Management Review, 30: 509–530.Link , Google Scholar
• Côté S. , DeCelles K. A. , McCarthy J. M. , Van Kleef G. A. , Hideg I. 2011. The Jekyll and Hyde of emotional intelligence: Emotion-regulation knowledge facilitates both prosocial and interpersonally deviant behavior. Psychological Science, 22: 1073–1080. Google Scholar
• Côté S. , Hideg I. 2010. The ability to influence others via emotional displays: A new dimension of emotional intelligence. Organizational Psychology Review, 1: 53–71. Google Scholar
• Côté S. , Miners C. T. H. 2006. Emotional intelligence, cognitive intelligence, and job performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 51: 1–28. Google Scholar
• Denham S. A. , Blair K. A. , DeMulder E. , Levitas J. , Sawyer K. , Auerbach-Major S. , Queenan P. 2003. Preschool emotional competence: Pathway to social competence? Child Development, 74: 238–256. Google Scholar
• Detert J. R. , Burris E. R. 2007. Leadership behavior and employee voice: Is the door really open? Academy of Management Journal, 50: 869–884.Link , Google Scholar
• Detert J. R. , Edmondson A. C. 2011. Implicit voice theories: Taken-for-granted rules of self-censorship at work. Academy of Management Journal, 54: 461–488.Link , Google Scholar
• Diefendorff J. M. , Croyle M. H. , Gosserand R. H. 2005. The dimensionality and antecedents of emotional labor strategies. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66: 339–357. Google Scholar
• Donnellan M. B. , Oswald F. L. , Baird B. M. , Lucas R. E. 2006. The mini-IPIP scales: Tiny-yet-effective measures of the Big Five factors of personality. Psychological Assessment, 18: 192–203. Google Scholar
• Dudley N. M. , Cortina J. M. 2008. Knowledge and skills that facilitate the personal support dimension of citizenship. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93: 1249–1270. Google Scholar
• Dutton J. E. , Ashford S. J. 1993. Selling issues to top management. Academy of Management Review, 18: 397–428.Link , Google Scholar
• Edmondson A. C. 1996. Learning from mistakes is easier said than done: Group and organizational influences on the detection and correction of human error. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 32: 5–28. Google Scholar
• Edmondson A. 1999. Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44: 350–383. Google Scholar
• Edwards J. R. 2008. Seven deadly myths of testing moderation in organizational research. In Lance C. E.Vandenberg R. J. (Eds.), Statistical and methodological myths and urban legends: Received doctrine, verity, and fable in the organizational and social sciences: 145–166. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Google Scholar
• Eisenberg N. 2000. Emotion, regulation, and moral development. In Fiske S. T.Schacter D. L.Zahn-Waxler C. (Eds.), Annual review of psychology, vol. 51: 665–697. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews. Google Scholar
• Erez A. , Isen A. M. 2002. The influence of positive affect on the components of expectancy motivation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87: 1055–1067. Google Scholar
• Ericsson K. A. , Charness N. 1994. Expert performance: Its structure and acquisition. American Psychologist, 49: 725–747. Google Scholar
• Flynn F. J. 2003. How much should I give and how often? The effects of generosity and frequency of favor exchange on social status and productivity. Academy of Management Journal, 46: 539–553.Link , Google Scholar
• Forgas J. P. , George J. M. 2001. Affective influences on judgments and behavior in organizations: An information processing perspective. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 86: 3–34. Google Scholar
• Fragale A. R. 2006. The power of powerless speech: The effects of speech style and task interdependence on status conferral. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 101: 243–261. Google Scholar
• Fredrickson B. L. , Mancuso R. A. , Branigan C. , Tugade M. M. 2000. The undoing effect of positive emotions. Motivation and Emotion, 24: 237–258. Google Scholar
• Frijda N. H. 1986. The emotions. New York: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
• Gladwell M. 2008. Outliers: The story of success. New York: Little, Brown. Google Scholar
• Gosling S. D. , Rentfrow P. J. , Swann W. B. 2003. A very brief measure of the Big Five personality domains. Journal of Research in Personality, 37: 504–528. Google Scholar
• Grandey A. A. 2000. Emotion regulation in the workplace: A new way to conceptualize emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5: 95–110. Google Scholar
• Grandey A. A. 2003. When “the show must go on”: Surface acting and deep acting as determinants of emotional exhaustion and peer-rated service delivery. Academy of Management Journal, 46: 86–96.Link , Google Scholar
• Grandey A. A. , Dickter D. N. , Sin H. P. 2004. The customer is not always right: Customer aggression and emotion regulation of service employees. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25: 397–418. Google Scholar
• Grant A. M. , Ashford S. J. 2008. The dynamics of proactivity at work. In Staw B. (Ed.) Research in organizational behavior, vol. 28: 3–34. Greenwich, CT: JAI. Google Scholar
• Grant A. M. , Gino F. , Hofmann D. A. 2011. Reversing the extraverted leadership advantage: The role of employee proactivity. Academy of Management Journal, 54: 528–550.Link , Google Scholar
• Grant A. M. , Mayer D. M. 2009. Good soldiers and good actors: Prosocial and impression management motives as interactive predictors of affiliative citizenship behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94: 900–912. Google Scholar
• Grant A. M. , Parker S. K. , Collins C. G. 2009. Getting credit for proactive behavior: Supervisor reactions depend on what you value and how you feel. Personnel Psychology, 62: 31–55. Google Scholar
• Grant A. M. , Sonnentag S. 2010. Doing good buffers against feeling bad: Prosocial impact compensates for negative task and self-evaluations. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 111: 13–22. Google Scholar
• Griffin M. A. , Neal A. , Parker S. K. 2007. A new model of work role performance: Positive behavior in uncertain and interdependent contexts. Academy of Management Journal, 50: 327–347.Link , Google Scholar
• Gross J. J. 1998. The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2: 271–299. Google Scholar
• Gundlach M. J. , Martinko M. J. , Douglas S. C. 2003. Emotional intelligence, causal reasoning, and the self-efficacy development process. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 11: 229–246. Google Scholar
• Hardy C. L. , Van Vugt M. 2006. Nice guys finish first: The competitive altruism hypothesis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32: 1402–1413. Google Scholar
• Harmon-Jones C. , Schmeichel B. J. , Mennitt E. , Harmon-Jones E. 2011. The expression of determination: Similarities between anger and approach-related positive affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100: 172–181. Google Scholar
• Hirschman A. O. 1970. Exit, voice, and loyalty: Responses to decline in firms, organizations, and states. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Google Scholar
• Hochschild A. R. 1983. The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press. Google Scholar
• Hollander E. P. 1958. Conformity, status, and idiosyncrasy credit. Psychological Review, 65: 117–127. Google Scholar
• Izard C. , Fine S. , Schultz D. , Mostow A. J. , Ackerman B. , Youngstrom E. 2001. Emotion knowledge as a predictor of social behavior and academic competence in children at risk. Psychological Science, 12: 18–23. Google Scholar
• Joseph D. L. , Newman D. A. 2010. Emotional intelligence: An integrative meta-analysis and cascading model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95: 54–78. Google Scholar
• Kilduff M. , Chiaburu D. S. , Menges J. I. 2010. Strategic use of emotional intelligence in organizational settings: Exploring the dark side. In Staw B. (Ed.), Research in organizational behavior, vol. 30: 129–152. Greenwich, CT: JAI. Google Scholar
• Kish-Gephart J. J. , Detert J. R. , Treviño L. K. , Edmondson A. C. 2009. Silenced by fear: The nature, sources, and consequences of fear at work. In Staw B. M.Brief A. P. (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior, vol. 29: 163–193. Greenwich, CT: JAI. Google Scholar
• Kline R. B. 1998. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford. Google Scholar
• Kowalski R. M. 1996. Complaints and complaining: Functions, antecedents, and consequences. Psychological Bulletin, 119: 179–196. Google Scholar
• LeBreton J. M. , Senter J. L. 2008. Answers to 20 questions about interrater reliability and interrater agreement. Organizational Research Methods, 11: 815–852. Google Scholar
• LePine J. A. , Erez A. , Johnson D. E. 2002. The nature and dimensionality of organizational citizenship behavior: A critical review and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87: 52–65. Google Scholar
• LePine J. A. , Van Dyne L. 1998. Predicting voice behavior in work groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83: 853–868. Google Scholar
• LePine J. A. , Van Dyne L. 2001. Voice and cooperative behavior as contrasting forms of contextual performance: Evidence of differential relationships with Big Five personality characteristics and cognitive ability. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86: 325–336. Google Scholar
• Lerner J. S. , Keltner D. 2001. Fear, anger, and risk. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81: 146–159. Google Scholar
• Liu Y. , Prati L. M. , Perrewé P. L. , Ferris G. R. 2008. The relationship between emotional resources and emotional labor: An exploratory study. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 38: 2410–2439. Google Scholar
• Lopes P. N. , Brackett M. A. , Nezlek J. B. , Schütz A. , Sellin I. , Salovey P. 2004. Emotional intelligence and social interaction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30: 1018–1034. Google Scholar
• Lopes P. N. , Côté S. , Grewal D. , Kadis J. , Gall M. , Salovey P. 2006. Emotional intelligence and positive work outcomes. Psichothema, 18(supplement): 132–138. Google Scholar
• Lopes P. N. , Salovey P. , Côté S. , Beers M. 2005. Emotion regulation abilities and the quality of social interaction. Emotion, 5: 113–118. Google Scholar
• MacCann C. 2010. Further examination of emotional intelligence as a standard intelligence: A latent variable analysis of fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, and emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 49: 490–496. Google Scholar
• MacCann C. , Roberts R. D. 2008. New paradigms for assessing emotional intelligence: Theory and data. Emotion, 8: 540–551. Google Scholar
• MacKinnon D. P. , Fairchild A. J. , Fritz M. S. 2007. Mediation analysis. In Fiske S. T.Kazdin A. E.Schacter D. L. (Eds.), Annual review of psychology, vol. 58: 593–614. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews. Google Scholar
• Mayer J. D. , Roberts R. D. , Barsade S. G. 2008. Human abilities: Emotional intelligence. In Fiske S. T.Schacter D. L.Sternberg R. J. (Eds.), Annual review of psychology, vol. 59: 507–536. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews. Google Scholar
• Mayer J. D. , Salovey P. 1997. What is emotional intelligence? In Salovey P.Sluyter D. (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Educational implications: 3–31. New York: Basic. Google Scholar
• Mayer J. D. , Salovey P. , Caruso D. R. , Sitarenios G. 2003. Measuring emotional intelligence with the MSCEIT V2.0. Emotion, 3: 97–105. Google Scholar
• Mayer R. C. , Gavin M. B. 2005. Trust in management and performance: Who minds the shop while the employees watch the boss? Academy of Management Journal, 48: 874–888.Link , Google Scholar
• Merritt A. C. , Helmreich R. L. 1996. Human factors on the flight deck: The influence of national culture. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 27: 5–24. Google Scholar
• Mestre J. M. , Guil R. , Lopes P. N. , Salovey P. , Gil-Olarte P. 2006. Emotional intelligence and social and academic adaptation to school. Psicothema, 18(supplement): 112–117. Google Scholar
• Meyerson D. E. , Scully M. A. 1995. Tempered radicalism and the politics of ambivalence and change. Organization Science, 6: 585–600. Google Scholar
• Miceli M. , Near J. 1995. Effective whistle-blowing. Academy of Management Review, 20: 679–708. Google Scholar
• Milliken F. J. , Morrison E. W. , Hewlin P. F. 2003. An exploratory study of employee silence: Issues that employees don't communicate upward and why. Journal of Management Studies, 40: 1453–1476. Google Scholar
• Morrison E. W. 2011. Employee voice behavior: Integration and directions for future research. In Walsh J. P.Brief A. P. (Eds.), Academy of Management annals, vol. 5: 373–412. Essex, UK: Routledge. Google Scholar
• Morrison E. W. , Bies R. J. 1991. Impression management in the feedback-seeking process: A literature review and research agenda. Academy of Management Review, 16: 522–541.Link , Google Scholar
• Morrison E. W. , Milliken F. J. 2000. Organizational silence: A barrier to change and development in a pluralistic world. Academy of Management Review, 25: 706–731.Link , Google Scholar
• Nemeth C. J. 1986. Differential contributions of majority and minority influence. Psychological Review, 93: 23–32. Google Scholar
• Organ D. W. 1988. Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books. Google Scholar
• Parker S. K. , Bindl U. K. , Strauss K. 2010. Making things happen: A model of proactive motivation. Journal of Management, 36: 827–856. Google Scholar
• Parker S. K. , Collins C. G. 2010. Taking stock: Integrating and differentiating multiple proactive behaviors. Journal of Management, 36: 633–662. Google Scholar
• Peng K. Z. , Wong C.-S. , Che H.-S. 2010. The missing link between emotional demands and exhaustion. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25: 777–798. Google Scholar
• Podsakoff N. P. , Whiting S. W. , Podsakoff P. M. , Blume B. D. 2009. Individual- and organizational-level consequences of organizational citizenship behaviors: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94: 122–141. Google Scholar
• Podsakoff P. M. , MacKenzie S. B. , Lee J.-Y. , Podsakoff N. P. 2003. Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88: 879–903. Google Scholar
• Pugh S. D. , Groth M. , Hennig-Thurau T. 2011. Willing and able to fake emotions: A closer examination of the link between emotional dissonance and employee well-being. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96: 377–390. Google Scholar
• Rammstedt B. , John O. P. 2007. Measuring personality in one minute or less: A 10-item short version of the Big Five Inventory in English and German. Journal of Research in Personality, 41: 203–212. Google Scholar
• Roberts B. W. , DelVecchio W. F. 2000. The rank-order consistency of personality traits from childhood to old age: A quantitative review of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 126: 3–25. Google Scholar
• Rogelberg S. G. , Stanton J. M. 2007. Introduction: Understanding and dealing with organizational survey nonresponse. Organizational Research Methods, 10: 195–209. Google Scholar
• Rubin R. S. , Munz D. C. , Bommer W. H. 2005. Leading from within: The effects of emotion recognition and personality on transformational leadership behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 48: 845–858.Link , Google Scholar
• Seibert S. E. , Kraimer M. L. , Crant J. M. 2001. What do proactive people do? A longitudinal model linking proactive personality and career success. Personnel Psychology, 54: 845–874. Google Scholar
• Senge P. M. 1990. The fifth discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization. New York: Doubleday. Google Scholar
• Shrout P. E. , Bolger N. 2002. Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7: 422–445. Google Scholar
• Stine R. 1989. An introduction to bootstrap methods. Sociological Methods and Research, 18: 243–291. Google Scholar
• Tamir M. 2009. What do people want to feel and why? Pleasure and utility in emotion regulation. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18: 101–105. Google Scholar
• Tett R. P. , Burnett D. D. 2003. A personality trait-based interactionist model of job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88: 500–517. Google Scholar
• Tett R. P. , Guterman H. A. 2000. Situation trait relevance, trait expression, and cross-situational consistency: Testing a principle of trait-activation. Journal of Research in Personality, 34: 397–423. Google Scholar
• Thomas J. P. , Whitman D. S. , Viswesvaran C. 2010. Employee proactivity in organizations: A comparative meta-analysis of emergent proactive constructs. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83: 275–300. Google Scholar
• Tiedens L. Z. 2001. Anger and advancement versus sadness and subjugation: The effect of negative emotion expressions on social status conferral. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80: 86–94. Google Scholar
• Van Dyne L. , Ang S. , Botero I. C. 2003. Conceptualizing employee silence and voice as multidimensional constructs. Journal of Management Studies, 40: 1359–1392. Google Scholar
• Van Dyne L. , Cummings L. L. , McLean Parks J. 1995. Extra-role behaviors: In pursuit of construct and definitional clarity. In Staw B. M. (Ed.), Research in organizational behavior, vol. 17: 215–285. Greenwich, CT: JAI. Google Scholar
• Van Dyne L. , LePine J. A. 1998. Helping and voice extra-role behaviors: Evidence of construct and predictive validity. Academy of Management Journal, 41: 108–119.Link , Google Scholar
• Vaughan D. 1996. The Challenger launch decision: Risky technology, culture, and deviance at NASA. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar
• Whiting S. W. , Podsakoff P. M. , Pierce J. R. 2008. Effects of task performance, helping, voice, and organizational loyalty on performance appraisal ratings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93: 125–139. Google Scholar
• Whyte G. 1998. Recasting Janis's groupthink model: The key role of collective efficacy in decision fiascoes. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 73: 185–209. Google Scholar
• Withey M. J. , Cooper W. H. 1989. Predicting exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect. Administrative Science Quarterly, 34: 521–539. Google Scholar
• Zhou J. , George J. M. 2001. When job dissatisfaction leads to creativity: Encouraging the expression of voice. Academy of Management Journal, 44: 682–696.Link , Google Scholar