Searching for Common Threads: Understanding the Multiple Effects of Diversity in Organizational Groups

REFERENCES

• Adler N. J. 1991. International dimensions of organizational behavior. Boston: PWS-KENT. Google Scholar
• American heritage dictionary of the English language (3rd ed.). 1993. New York: Houghton-Mifflin. Google Scholar
• Ancona D. G. , Caldwell D. F. 1988. Beyond task and maintenance: Defining external functions in groups. Group and Organization Studies, 13: 468–494. Google Scholar
• Ancona D. G. , Caldwell D. F. 1992. Demography and design: Predictors of new product team performance. Organization Science, 3: 321–341. Google Scholar
• Bantel K. A. , Jackson S. E. 1989. Top management and innovations in banking: Does the composition of the top team make a difference? Strategic Management Journal, 10: 107–124. Google Scholar
• Blau P. M. 1977. Inequality and heterogeneity. New York: Free Press. Google Scholar
• Bochner S. , Hesketh B. 1994. Power distance, individualism/collectivism, and job-related attitudes in a culturally diverse work group. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 25: 233–257. Google Scholar
• Cox T. H. , Lobel S. A. , McLeod P. L. 1991. Effects of ethnic group cultural differences on cooperative and competitive behavior on a group task. Academy of Management Journal, 34: 827–847. Abstract , Google Scholar
• Cummings A. , Zhou J. , Oldham G. R. 1993. Demographic differences and employee work outcomes: Effects on multiple comparison groups. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Atlanta, GA. Google Scholar
• Dougherty D. 1992. Interpretive barriers to successful product innovation in large firms. Organization Science, 3: 179–202. Google Scholar
• Dutton J. E. , Dukerich J. M. 1991. Keeping an eye on the mirror: Image and identity in organizational adaptation. Academy of Management Journal, 34: 517–554. Link , Google Scholar
• Earley P. C. 1989. Social loafing and collectivism: A comparison of the United States and the People's Republic of China. Administrative Science Quarterly, 34: 565–581. Google Scholar
• Ely R. J. 1994. The effects of organizational demographics and social identity on relationships among professional women. Administrative Science Quarterly, 39: 203–238. Google Scholar
• Glick W. H. , Miller C. C. , Huber G. P. 1993. The impact of upper echelon diversity on organizational performance. In Huber G. P.Glick W. H. (Eds.), Organizational change and re-design: ideas and insights for improving performance: 176–124. New York: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
• Goodstein J. , Gautam K. , Boeker W. 1994. The effects of board size and diversity on strategic change. Strategic Management Journal, 15: 241–250. Google Scholar
• Greenhaus J. H. , Parasuraman S. , Wormley W. M. 1990. Effects of race on organizational experiences, job performance evaluations, and career outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 33: 64–86. Link , Google Scholar
• Hambrick D. C. 1994. Top management groups: A conceptual integration and reconsideration of the “team” label. In Staw B. M. (Ed.), Research in organizational behavior, vol. 16: 171–213. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. Google Scholar
• Hoffman L. R. , Maier N. R. F. 1961. Quality and acceptance of problem solutions by members of homogeneous and heterogeneous groups. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62: 401–407. Google Scholar
• Jackson S. E. 1992. Consequences of group composition for the interpersonal dynamics of strategic issue processing. In Dutton J.Huff A.Shrivastava P. (Eds.), Advances in strategic management, vol. 8: 345–382. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. Google Scholar
• Jackson S. E. , Brett J. F. , Sessa V. I. , Cooper D. M. , Julin J. A. , Peyronnin K. 1991. Some differences make a difference: Individual dissimilarity and group heterogeneity as correlates of recruitment, promotions, and turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76: 675–689. Google Scholar
• Jackson S. E. , May K. E. , Whitney K. 1995. Understanding the dynamics of diversity in decision making teams. In Guzzo R. A.Salas E. (Eds.), Team effectiveness and decision making in organizations: 204–261. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Google Scholar
• Johnson R. A. , Hoskisson R. E. , Hitt M. A. 1993. Board of director involvement in restructuring: The effects of board versus managerial controls and characteristics. Strategic Management Journal, 14: 33–50. Google Scholar
• Johnston W. B. , Packer A. H. 1987. Workforce 2000. Indianapolis, IN: Hudson Institute. Google Scholar
• Judge T. A. , Ferris G. R. 1993. Social context of performance evaluation decisions. Academy of Management Journal, 36: 80–105. Link , Google Scholar
• Kanter R. A. 1977. Men and women of the corporation. New York: Harper. Google Scholar
• Korn H. J. , Milliken F. J. , Lant T. K. 1992. Top management team change and organizational performance: The influence of succession, composition, and context. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Las Vegas, NV. Google Scholar
• Kosnik R. D. 1990. Effects of board demography and directors' incentives on corporate greenmail decisions. Academy of Management Journal, 33: 129–150. Abstract , Google Scholar
• Lawrence P. R. , Lorsch J. W. 1969. Organization and environment. Homewood, IL: Irwin. Google Scholar
• Lefkowitz J. 1994. Race as a factor in job placement: Serendipitous findings of “ethnic drift.” Personnel Psychology, 47: 497–513. Google Scholar
• Li J. 1994. Demographic diversity, tokenism, and their effects on individuals' behavior in group processes. Academy of Management Best Paper Proceedings: 229–243. Google Scholar
• Maznevski M. L. 1994. Understanding our differences: Performance in decision-making groups with diverse members. Human Relations, 47: 531–552. Google Scholar
• McLeod P. L. , Lobel S. A. 1992. The effects of ethnic diversity on idea generation in small groups. Academy of Management Best Paper Proceedings: 227–231. Google Scholar
• McPherson J. M. , Smith-Lovin L. 1987. Homophily in voluntary organizations: Status distance and composition of face-to-face groups. American Sociological Review, 52: 370–379. Google Scholar
• Meglino B. M. , Ravlin E. C. , Adkins C. L. 1989. A work values approach to corporate culture: A field test of the value congruence process and its relationship to individual outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74: 424–432. Google Scholar
• Mobley M. , Payne T. 1993. Backlash! The challenge of diversity training. Security Management, September: 35–42. Google Scholar
• Morrison A. 1992. The new leaders: Guidelines on leadership diversity in America. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Google Scholar
• Mount M. K. , Hazucha J. F. , Holt K. E. , Sytsma M. 1995. Rater-ratee race effects in performance ratings of managers. Academy of Management Best Papers Proceedings: 141–145. Google Scholar
• Murray A. I. 1989. Top management group heterogeneity and firm performance. Strategic Management Journal, 10: 125–141. Google Scholar
• Nemeth C. J. 1986. Differential contributions of majority and minority influence. Psychological Review, 93: 23–32. Google Scholar
• O'Reilly C. A. , Caldwell D. F. , Barnett W. P. 1989. Work group demography, social integration, and turnover. Administrative Science Quarterly, 34: 21–37. Google Scholar
• Pfeffer J. 1981. Management as symbolic action: The creation and maintenance of organizational paradigms. In Cummings L. L.Staw B. M. (Eds.). Research in organizational behavior, vol. 3: 1–52. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. Google Scholar
• Pfeffer J. 1983. Organizational demography. In Cummings L. L.Staw B. M. (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior, vol. 5: 299–357. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. Google Scholar
• Pulakos E. D. , Oppler S. H. , White L. A. , Borman W. C. 1989. Examination of race and sex effects on performance ratings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74: 770–780. Google Scholar
• Rindova V. P. 1994. What corporate boards have to do with strategy. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Dallas, TX. Google Scholar
• Sackett P. R. , DuBois C. L. Z. 1991. Rater-ratee race effects on performance evaluation: Challenging meta-analytic conclusions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76: 873–877. Google Scholar
• Sackett P. R. , DuBois C. L. Z. , Noe A. W. 1991. Tokenism in performance evaluation: The effects of work group representation on male-female and white-black differences in performance ratings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76: 63–267. Google Scholar
• Schneider B. 1987. The people make the place. Personnel Psychology, 40: 437–453. Google Scholar
• Simons T. 1995. Top management team consensus, heterogeneity, and debate as contingent predictors of company performance: The complimentarity of group structure and process. Academy of Management Best Papers Proceedings: 62–66. Google Scholar
• Smith K. G. , Smith K. A. , Olian J. D. , Sims H. P. , O'Bannon D. P. , Scully J. A. 1994. Top management team demography and process: The role of social integration and communication. Administrative Science Quarterly, 39: 412–438. Google Scholar
• Tsui A. S. , Egan T. D. , O'Reilly C. A. 1992. Being different: Relational demography and organizational attachment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37: 549–579. Google Scholar
• Tsui A. S. , O'Reilly C. A. 1989. Beyond simple demographic effects: The importance of relational demography in superior-subordinate dyads. Academy of Management Journal, 32: 402–423. Link , Google Scholar
• U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1994. Statistical abstract of the United States: 1994 (114th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Google Scholar
• Verkuyten M. , de Jong W. , Masson C. N. 1993. Job satisfaction among ethnic minorities in the Netherlands. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 42: 171–189. Google Scholar
• Wagner G. W. , Pfeffer J. , O'Reilly C. A. 1984. Organizational demography and turnover in top-management groups. Administrative Science Quarterly, 29: 74–92. Google Scholar
• Waldman D. A. , Avolio B. J. 1991. Race effects in performance evaluations: Controlling for ability, education, and experience. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76: 897–901. Google Scholar
• Watson W. E. , Kumar K. , Michaelsen L. K. 1993. Cultural diversity's impact on interaction process and performance: Comparing homogeneous and diverse task groups. Academy of Management Journal, 36: 590–602. Abstract , Google Scholar
• Webster's dictionary of the English language. 1992. Danbury, CT: Lexicon. Google Scholar
• Weick K. 1979. The social psychology of organizing. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Google Scholar
• Wiersema M. F. , Bantel K. A. 1992. Top management team demography and corporate strategic change. Academy of Management Journal, 35: 91–121. Link , Google Scholar
• Wiersema M. F. , Bantel K. A. 1993. Top management team turnover as an adaptation mechanism: The role of the environment. Strategic Management Journal, 14: 485–504. Google Scholar
• Wiersema M. F. , Bird A. 1993. Organizational demography in Japanese firms: Group heterogeneity, individual dissimilarity, and top management team turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 3: 996–1025. Google Scholar
• Zenger T. R. , Lawrence B. S. 1989. Organizational demography: The differential effects of age and tenure distributions on technical communication. Academy of Management Journal, 32: 353–376. Link , Google Scholar
• Ziller R. C. 1972. Homogeneity and heterogeneity of group membership. In McClintock C. G. (Ed.), Experimental social psychology: 385–411. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Google Scholar